Ethiopian Christmas, known as Gena, is celebrated on 7 January (Tahsas 29 in the Ethiopian calendar) by Ethiopian Orthodox, Eritrean Orthodox, Protestant, and Catholic communities across the country. While Gena is observed throughout Ethiopia, it holds a deeper and more powerful meaning in Lalibela, one of the most sacred towns in Ethiopian Christianity. Every year, hundreds of thousands of pilgrims and visitors gather in Lalibela to witness a celebration that blends faith, history, music, fasting, and spiritual devotion
Lalibela: A Sacred Christian City
Lalibela is located in northern Ethiopia and dates back to the 12th and 13th centuries, when it served as the capital of the Zagwe dynasty. According to Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, Lalibela is considered the second holiest city of Christianity after Jerusalem. The town is home to 11 extraordinary monolithic rock-hewn churches, carved directly out of solid volcanic rock.
King Lalibela, after whom the town is named, envisioned creating a “New Jerusalem” in Ethiopia. His spiritual ambition led to the construction of these churches, which today are recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This sacred setting makes Lalibela the heart of Ethiopian Christian pilgrimage, especially during Gena.
The Spiritual Meaning of Gena
Before Christmas, Ethiopian Orthodox Christians observe a 43-day fast known as Tsome Nebiyat (the Fast of the Prophets). During this period, followers abstain from animal products and alcohol as a form of spiritual cleansing and preparation for the birth of Jesus Christ. In Lalibela, many pilgrims complete this entire fasting period within the church compounds, sometimes arriving two weeks or more before Christmas Day.
Pilgrims come from distant parts of Ethiopia, some traveling on foot as an act of gratitude or fulfillment of vows made the previous year. Others arrive by public transport, all united by faith and devotion.
Christmas Eve and the Gena Mass
The Gena celebration reaches its peak on Christmas Eve, when worshippers gather for an overnight church service that lasts from evening until early morning. Priests dressed in white traditional garments and turbans hold long crosses and form symbolic circles around the churches.
The chanting of the ancient Ge’ez hymn “Baza Kulu Lealem, Yom Tewelede”, meaning “The Savior of the world is born today,” fills the air. The rhythm of the kebero drum accompanies the chants, creating a deeply moving spiritual atmosphere. The formation of priests during the mass represents angels rejoicing above and humanity on earth below, reflecting the biblical story of Christ’s birth.
A Living Tradition and Global Attraction
Gena in Lalibela is unique not only because of its religious meaning but also because of its living traditions. Groups of pilgrims chant, pray, and dance while moving from one church to another in the days leading up to Christmas. The town becomes alive with devotion, unity, and celebration.
In addition to pilgrims, tourists from around the world travel to Lalibela during Gena. Many come to experience the spirituality, while others document the event through photography, film, and research. Each year, it is estimated that over 300,000 visitors attend the Christmas celebration in Lalibela.
Why Gena in Lalibela Is Truly Special
What makes Gena in Lalibela special is the rare combination of ancient architecture, deep faith, collective devotion, and living history. The rock-hewn churches, the long fasting, the chants in Ge’ez, and the commitment of pilgrims create an experience that is both spiritual and unforgettable. Whether one arrives as a believer or a visitor, Gena in Lalibela leaves a lasting impression of wonder, respect, and connection to Ethiopia’s rich Christian heritage.
